A plain toe-up sock with a shaped arch and ankle, and gusseted short-row heels.

From pattern:
I like socks that are snug around the arch of my foot but still have enough depth in the heel to not be too stretched across the front of the ankle. Also, I prefer to knit socks toe-up as it means I can use an entire ball of wool and make the leg as long as I want. 
After trying many variations on short-row and afterthought heels, and many hours spent measuring and calculating, I came up with this: a well-fitting, slightly pear-shaped but by no means misshapen pair of heels.

This pattern has two editions; both make the same sock. The Shorthand Edition assumes experience with short-row shaping and uses abbreviated instructions. 
The Longhand Edition assumes little to no experience with short-row shaping and has more detailed instructions. 
I suggest you have a look at both editions and choose the one that makes most sense to you.

Available in two sizes: 
Medium, Large 

Medium is about an EU 38, and was made to my foot measurements. 
Large is about an EU 42, is wider and longer than the Medium, and was made to my boyfriend’s foot measurements. 
You can adjust the pattern to fit your foot more precisely if you choose: see the boxed hints in the instructions. I suggest you measure around the girth around the arch of your foot to determine the foot width, then make the foot the required length as given in the boxed hints.

Materials 
300m 350m 4ply/sock yarn
Set of 2.25mm double-pointed needles (or long circular needle for magic-loop) or size required to achieve correct stitch gauge.
2 stitch markers (optional)
Wool needle for weaving in ends

Tension/Gauge 
Gauge approx. 30 sts x 45 rows over 10cm x 10cm.

Techniques used 
Knit
Purl
K1, p1 rib
Judy’s Magic Cast-On
Jeny’s Surprisingly Stretchy Bind-Off
Short-row shaping: instructions provided in pattern